Computational
Electromagnetics (CEM) in 2D
This web site explains Maxwell's electrodynamic theary of light and compares it to theories by Galileo and Newton. The laws according to Galileo and newton did not conserve charge. Maxwell's theory did and therby unified the theories of electricity, magnetism, and optics. Then Maxwells' theory is put up against Gauss, Ampere, and Faraday. This then leads to Einstein's theory of relativity.
Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) in 2D
This web site shows a practical use of Maxwell's equations. Thisdescribes how Computational electromagnetics can be used to calculate the radar cross section (RCS) for an airplane.CEM can also be used to calculate the surface currents caused by a strong electro magnetic pulse striking an airplane. Such a pulse can origin from lightnings or nuclear detonations and the high surface currents can damage modern construction materials or induce dangerous currents in electrical and electronic circuits. In micro wave technology CEM can be used for studying micro wave ovens, wave guides and antennas in tele communications. A movie on this site shows an electromagnetic front striking a 2D cavity. The movie also shows the magnetic field intensity scaled by the impedance of vaccum.
also called STATIONARY WAVES, combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having the same amplitude and frequency. The phenomenon is the result of interference--that is, when waves are superimposed, their energies are either added together or cancelled out. This sight explains in detail, the theory behind the formation of standing waves.
This file explains how Alfven waves interfere with one another. both constructive and destructive interference patterns are shown. An MPEG movie can be played to show the actual waves hitting one another. This is a good presentation to aid in the understanding of constructive and destructive interference of waves.
This page contains news and current events in science, research, and engineering; optical standards information, press releases from SPIE, articles from OE Reports, Laser Focus World, and the International Commission for Optics newsletters.
Gateway to Photonics Information
This page contains extensive lists of links to various resources that may be useful to people interested in the optics industry. These links include university and national research labs, archives of documents and images, and just "fun stuff" related, however loosely, to optics.
This page contains an in depth definition of optics and lenses. Although it contains no graphics, it will definately answer your questions about optics and lenses.
The Internet Webseum of Holography
This page will give you an introduction to holography. It even includes an animated introduction on how to make hologram using lenses and mirrors. The animated lesson includes step-by-step diagrams that will take you through the process of making a split-beam reflection hologram, in easy-to-understand terminology. There is alot to explore, this page also includes links to other interesting sites.
The Joy of Visual Perception: A Web Book
This link will actually take you to an online Web Book. This book is primarily figures and diagrams supplemented by text. It is an excelent sourse of information on the human eye, and the physics behind it. This book also contains a subject index and a table of contents. A great site to visit for anyone interested in the workings of the eye.
This page is actually part of a lecture on waves. This page is actually a slide describing interfence. It includes a formal definition of both constructive and destructive interfence and talks about waves in general. An interesting site to visit.
Scattering of Light in the Atmosphere.
This site from the University of Illinois describes the behaviour of light in the atmosphere. Difraction, refraction, scattering, and the reflection of light is described. Many useful illustrations are used to help describe halos, rainbows, etc.
Adiabatic expansion and contraction
This file explains how adiabatic expansion and contraction work for a gas. The gas is located in a container with a movable piston. The picture explains how volume and temperature are related when pressure is kept constant. It also shows the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume is a constant.
More on adiabatic expansion and contraction
Shows how the Bohr model for an atom can be used to explain the movement of electrons from high level orbits to low level orbits, which releases photons with certain energy values.
Explains Wien's displacement law that says as temperature is increased, total energy emitted is increased. Includes graphs of various wavelengths and their corresponding intensities for specified temperatures.
This page contains some laws, rules, principles, effects, paradoxes, limits, constants, experiments, & thought-experiments in physics, Everything from A to Z. It includes definitions of such concepts as the uncertainty principle , Huygen's princle, ultraviolet catastrophe, and Young's double slit experiment.
This link is a biographical sketch of Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who recieved the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him." A list of Nobel Prize winnners from 1901 to present is also available for the curious.
At this web site, Robert James Carron asserts the existence of God with the half-electron spin as his proof. He believes that an electron revolves 720 degrees per revolution because half spin equals 360 degrees; thus, 1 full spin is 720 degrees. A dicussion follows, covering how hard it is for us to fully comprehend this since we believe one revolution of an object to be 360 degrees. If an object could revolve 720 degrees per revolution, it would destroy itself. Mr. Carron also states, "... the 1/2 Spin is very strong support for the theory of parallel universes." This web site's main thrust is that God left his "signature" in the world by the use of the 720 degrees per revolution theory.
Many important and interesting links for molecular quantum mechanics
This page contains links to graphic software packages, examples of quantum mechanics applied to atoms and molecules as well interactive exercises. It also contains large amounts of chemistry resources for those who are interested to expand their knowledge into this field
This file shows 3-d molecules for different isocontour surfaces of wave functions.
This file contains the basic equation needed to write hydrogen wave functions. It also has additional equations for all orbits.
This site describes how lasers work. It includes graphics for gas lasers, solid-state lasers, dye lasers, and semi-conducting lasers.
An exlanation is given on how lasers work. Population inversion is explained along with a theory of how stimulated emission works.
This web site discusses the use of X-Rays in chemistrty and the UCSD high intensity Light Source ( a 5 Joule per pulse Laser). There are 4 links which lead to explanations of the use of X-rays and lasers; as well as, movies which are education. This web site pertains to several lessons in class including most of chapter 42.
Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer (BCS) Theory of Superconductivity
This web explains the Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer (BCS) theory. The BCS theory explains the behaviour of superconducting materials when they are cooled to their critical temperatures. The discussion goes on to explain the effects of applying an electrical current to a superconducting material.
This web site gives a good basic descrption of the properties of supercondutors. This is also a good link to other more in depth information such as materials used, temperature requirements,etc.Table nine lists transition temperatures and low temperature values of some of the materials used as superconductors.
High Temperature Superconductivity
This web site explains the history of high temperature superconductivity. An MPEG movie showing a levitating magnet can be accessed from this site. There are also connections to the Texas Center for Superconductivity home page which will allow you to explore new findings in the field of superconductivity.
Frank Potter's home page dicusses 4-D space where quarks are symmetric to regular polytopes, and leptons are symmetric to regular polyhedrons in 3-D subspace. These modifications to the standard model create some very important predictions which Mr. Potter outlines.
This web page states that "particle physics has two main aims, to find and determine the properties of the ultimate constituents of matter and to investigate the forces through which these interact. Some years ago there appeared to be a proliferation of elementary particles, but we now believe that there are only two types of building blocks -- fundamental fermions called quarks and leptons, together with their antiparticles. These exist in families and there appear to be only six quarks and six leptons." A discussion follows, covering the CERN proton-antiproton collider at UA1, the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP) and others, and the current scientific experiments that are being conducted; as well as, the significance that each represents to the physics community.
Tau and antineutrino particles
This web site discusses the background of Martin L. Perl and Frederick Reines sharing of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the Tau and Antineutrino, respectively. A discussion then covers natures building blocks and their family structure; more specifically, matter particles and force particles are discussed as well as how they interact and effect the current Charge and Parity model (the standard model). A small biography of Dr. Perl and Dr. Reines is given at the end of this most interesting and fascinating web page which relates to Chapter 47.
This web site describes the 88 inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The cyclotron provides particle beams for research in nuclear structure, heavy elements, proton rich nuclei, nuclear astrophysics, biology... So you see that quantum physics effects are very far reaching. This web site gives the accelarator's specs and capabilities which are quite descriptive and fascinating. There are also several other great links dealing with particle physics. This site pertains to Chapter 47.
This web site dicusses the discovery of top quark, how they exist for a short period of time after a proton - antiproton collision. Actually top quarks are found by tracing they signatures of their known decay products -- two W particles and two b quarks. One W particle decays into a muon and a neutrino, the other into up and down quarks. Ultimately they produce jets. There is a logo plot of a lepton plus jets event.
This web site has a brief overview of The Laser Electron Gamma-ray Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. It describes how they produce highly polarized gamma rays from the backscattering of laser beams. This site also includes several pictures, as well as test results and publications and links to other Physics resources.
This web site discusses the frequently asked questions about nuclear energy. In doing so the author takes a pro-nuclear point of view and anwsers such questions as: reprocessing fuel, nuclear waste, and arguments against nuclear energy. This web site is extremely interesting for those desiring knowledge of the practicality of nuclear / modern physics.
